國家教育研究院

　　本研究的目的在探討我國1962 年至2000 年小學自然教科書的知識論及課程觀演變；研究方法包括七位長期參與國小自然課程發展及教科書編輯人員之訪談口述歷史，及文本分析法。

　　本研究發現，小學自然教科書的知識論從以教育知識論為主逐漸演變到以科學知識論為主；其具體的內涵包括：知識的組織方式從「學科」分科到「生活化主題」合科；學習活動從「單一技能」到「多技能自然組合」的培育；知識的來源從來自權威講授到從做中學；及從重視背誦、熟能生巧的學習至依據學生認知發展、建構方式的學習。在課程觀方面，從精粹主義課程觀、行為主義課程觀演變到建構主義課程觀。其具體的作法包括：教科書科學素養的內涵即是課程目標所持的價值觀，科學素養的內涵從知道應用科學知識的能力、擁有科學知識且具有研發科學知識的能力、解決問題能力、演變為行動研究能力；小學自然教科書的內涵需與國際接軌；及教科書編選及組織需貼近學生的經驗與能力。

　　本研究對教育政策的建議有下列兩項： 一、教育主管機關辦理的教科書相關教師研習，採由教師實作行動研究方式實施。 二、鼓勵教師以行動研究的方法，發展貼近學生生活經驗的教材，並以行動研究的方法教學。 而且，對未來的研究建議如下： 一、探討在數位化科技時代，適合學生學習的素材、語文用字及教科書形態，發展適性化教材。 二、在教科書是發展出來的原則下，探討適用於審定本教科書的發展模式。

　　The purposes of this study were to explore the epistemology and curriculum view developments of Taiwan elementary school science textbooks from 1962 to 2000. The research methods were oral history interviews and textual analysis.

　　The results showed that the developments of elementary science textbook epistemology were transformed from mainly “Educational Epistemology “to “Epistemology of Science “. The detailed were including: the knowledge was organized from “subject-oriented” to “life-oriented”; the learning activities were from “single techniques cultivation” to “natural organized multiple techniques cultivation” ; the instructions were from “lecturing” to “learning by doing”; and the learning were from “practicing and memory” to “cognition and construction”. The developments of the elementary school science curriculum views were transformed from “Essentialist Curriculum”, “Behaviorism Curriculum”, to “Constructivism Curriculum”. The detailed were three parts, the science literacy of textbook was the values of curriculum goals; the textbook contents should coincide with international trends; the textbook compilations should be based on students’ experiences and abilities.

　　According to the findings, there are two suggestions for educational policies, 1. Apply “learning by doing” instructions to teachers’ curriculum and textbook related workshops and meetings. 2. Encourage elementary school teachers to use action research methods in teaching and to develop student learning materials. And two suggestions for further researches, 1. Based on the development of textbooks are relied on researches, to explore the new model for the development of accreditation elementary school science textbooks. 2. Considering the applications of digital technology to education, to explore adaptive elementary school science learning materials, including student-oriented contents, language use and physical attribute etc.