國家教育研究院

　　經由檢閱彙整歐盟官方文件、相關研究、以及媒體報導，本研究試圖了解歐盟官方推動翻譯的基礎理念與各項策略、歸納其推動翻譯的特色，最終提出對我國推動人才培育的啟示。 本研究發現，歐盟因其作為具強制性的跨國政府組織特性，為了在政治上確保各會員國及其公民的基本權利、保障其以母語發聲的權利，因此在法律上與文化上皆確立多語主義的基本理念，翻譯因而有其根本重要性。

　　據此，歐盟除了執委會設有口筆譯總署，確保所有的會議以及法律與政策文件都可以被翻譯成會員國語言外，歐盟內部許多專業機構也都提供專業翻譯服務。因為歐盟翻譯規模與品質皆為歐盟日常運作的重要基礎，因此其無論是與各大學合作培訓專業口筆譯人員的培訓、實習、招募、推廣與在職訓練都有一套完整的機制外，也極力規劃發展與翻譯相關的各項支持體系，例如：機器翻譯、翻譯流程管理、委外翻譯等制度。而為了保存會員國文化多樣性與對彼此文化的理解及交流對話，文化政策中也藉由補助翻譯文化作品來推廣各會員國文化資產，以支持這樣的理想。

　　從此而言，相較於其他國家，歐盟推動翻譯策略的特色，在於其因為作為跨國政府整合性共同體，翻譯對於其追求政治、經濟與文化上的整合發展有其根本必要性與正當性，而整合的理想也促成其多語語言政策，並在教育政策上著重訓練歐盟公民的多語能力以強化其於世界的移動力，這些橫向的政策有其明確的基礎理念且彼此相輔相成，讓龐大的資源投注在翻譯工作上有其合法與正當性。在此同時，歐盟於推動不同的翻譯策略時有對政府的角色有所區隔，在保障公民權上，歐盟官方以法律明文強制翻譯的必要性；而在推動文化交流與對話上，歐盟官方則以經費補助方式扮演輔助鼓勵的角色。

　　雖然歐盟官方投注相當多的資源推動翻譯，其仍面對許多挑戰，其中會員國語言配對翻譯複雜性所造成包括資源、翻譯版本有效性、以及翻譯過程的誤譯誤解成本、以及翻譯本時效性都引發相當多挑戰。此外，雖然翻譯在歐盟統合的政治正當性與促成文化理想性相當關鍵，然而翻譯代價所費不貲，引起社會輿論的批評，造成歐盟官方必須不斷努力運用各種方式在其理想與現實間取得平衡。最後，歐盟運用翻譯策略原為在兼顧歐洲文化多樣性基礎上為歐洲整合出一種聲音，然而歐盟內部各國的差異性所造成難以翻譯性，也讓歐盟在保持多種聲音與追求一種聲音之間取得平衡造成挑戰。

　　綜觀以上，歐盟推動翻譯對我國可有的啟示，在於我國應該重新思考翻譯對我國推動國際化與建立多元文化社會有其重要性，而翻譯、語言、文化與教育政策彼此本應共同思考，才得以形成整合性的策略，促成國際化與建立多元文化社會的理想。歐盟的經驗告訴我們語言與翻譯不只是一種文化志業、更可以形成並促成文化產業發展，這些對於我國整體發展都有其貢獻，也因而專就翻譯人才培育來說，我國更應亟思發展整體性策略，讓專業翻譯人才培育得以成為我國推動國際化與多元文化社會的基石之一。

　　This research explores the ideals, measures, and challenges of the European Union’s translation and interpretation (T/I) system. By doing so, the research hopes to eventually draw implications for Taiwan’s education and T/I development. In pursuit of political integration, the European Union takes a multilingual approach to ensure equal participation of its member states in the Union. Based upon multilingualism, T/I becomes an important service for fulfilling the European Union’s promises to their citizens, which includes guaranteeing its citizens’ direct communication to the EU, their mobility as well as their civil rights while traveling to other member states.

　　Accordingly, the European Commission establishes Directorate-General for Translation and Directorate-General for Interpretation to take charge of the major responsibility of conference interpretation and publication translation, while a few EU institutions have their respective T/I services that are based on the needs of the specific EU institution. Since a large amount and quality of translation and interpretation services play such a crucial role for the EU’s daily work, EU has developed a comprehensive system aiming to enhance the quality of T/I. This system includes T/I professionals’ pre-service training, recruitment, in-services training, and raises the public’s interests to become T/I professionals in the EU. Moreover, to share the T/I professionals’ load and assure the quality of their works, the EU has been devoted to developing machine translation, taking advantage of computerized work flow management, and outsourcing part of the work to freelance T/I professionals. In addition to these T/I measures, the EU’s cultural programs provide funding to support translation of member states’ cultural works to maintain the cultural diversities within the Union and help with intercultural dialogues between the member states.

　　The EU’s T/I system distinguishes itself from that of other states by four features. First of all, the EU per se is an intergovernmental organization in pursuit of integrating its member states. The multilingual philosophy therefore is critical for the equal participation of the members. Second, following the ideal of integration and multilingualism that requires the EU to strike a balance between searching a common European voice and recognizing diversities among the member states, T/I indeed is necessary and legitimate. Third, T/I system’s measures do not exist independently, instead they are supported by EU’s political ideals, multicultural philosophy, as well as the emphasis of education policy encouraging students to learn foreign languages. In other words, measures in various policy terrains are interconnected and support each other. Fourth, EU government also differentiates its role in T/I measures. While the EU commission takes an initiative role in providing T/I services to secure the citizens’ civil rights, it takes a relatively passive role by funding translating cultural works.

　　In spite of the tireless dedication to providing T/I services, the EU still faces some challenges, including the increasing complexity of language pairs resulting from its expansion and the immense resource and time consumed by the services. Furthermore, balancing between efficient translation and avoid misinterpretation is another issue provoking many criticisms. These challenges eventually reflect an inherent dilemma of achieving the goal of searching for a common European voice while still maintaining the cultural diversity of the members.

　　The research draws three implications for Taiwan’s efforts of developing translation and interpretation. First, within the context of globalization, Taiwan’s government should seriously reconsider the significance of T/I to Taiwan government’s efforts in promoting internationalization and a multi-cultural society. Providing T/I services needs to be considered within the cultural, education, and language policies since they are interconnected and fulfill each other. Language and translation are crucial not only in enabling a multicultural society, but also in developing a cultural creative industry and supporting other industrial development. Accordingly, Taiwan government should be more proactive in developing a comprehensive plan for training T/I professionals, since they can be a stepping-stone toward an international and multi-cultural Taiwan.