國家教育研究院

　　翻譯對我國國力發展一向很重要。我國在全球化、知識經濟、外來人口大量增加等趨勢下，建立全面性的翻譯發展策略與培養相關人才益形迫切。本研究是國家教育研究院「我國翻譯發展策略及人才培育之研究」整合型研究計畫之下的第二項子計畫，研究目的是分析美國與加拿大兩國因應多文化、多語言社會發展的語言與翻譯相關策略，吸取兩國經驗，作為我國發展翻譯策略之借鏡。本研究以文獻分析與專家訪談方法，探討翻譯政策、翻譯資料庫、翻譯科技、翻譯出版品與補助、社區翻譯、翻譯服務評鑑標準、翻譯人才培育等議題。

　　研究結果顯示，美加兩國因語言政策不同，翻譯策略發展亦不同，各有所長。我國在政府翻譯事務方面，可參考美國與加拿大做法，設立專責單位，負責中央政府翻譯工作，並以收費方式協助其他政府部門。人員方面，除僱用專職譯者之外，也應有專職專案管理人員負責翻譯流程作業，並建立特約譯者名冊與考核方式，以利外包譯案之品質控管。國家教育研究院，或是上述翻譯專責單位，可參考加拿大翻譯局詞彙資料庫TERMIUM之建置方式，在國教院現有詞彙庫上，整合其他單位相關資料庫，並利用翻譯科技，提供最佳典範，進一步開放給各方提供資料；國教院或專責機構則負責資料庫之維護。

　　翻譯出版品補助方面，加拿大結合文化與外交政策之做法很值得參考。除以補助方式鼓勵國外出版商翻譯並出版臺灣作品之外，也可考慮補助本國出版商參加重要國際書展，推銷臺灣作品，外交單位並協助宣傳。社區翻譯方面，可仿效美國政府和民間協會做法，建立法庭傳譯與醫療傳譯評估機制，並立法保障民眾獲得法律與醫療語言協助的權益。在實際操作上，除應加速培養社區翻譯人才之外，可參考美國電話口譯發展之經驗，降低成本，並提高服務彈性。翻譯服務評鑑方面，可參照加拿大仿效歐洲EN15038標準之做法，考慮本國情境，由政府主導建立評鑑機制，以獨立第三方認證方式規範國內翻譯產業之作業流程。翻譯人才培育方面，國內目前培育人才同質性過高，教育機構應參考美國經驗，增加社區翻譯與本土化人才之培訓，並加強建教合作提供翻譯人才實習機會。

　　Translation has always played an important role in Taiwan’s development. To address the continuous trend of globalization, the increasing importance of a knowledge-based economy, and a growing foreign population, Taiwan needs to devise comprehensive strategies that incorporate translation, including translation talent development, to meet the many demands in its future development. This study, as part of the National Academy for Educational Research’s project of “Development of Translation-related Strategies and Education of Translation Talent in Taiwan,” aimed to use the United States and Canada as examples to study the development of their language- and translation-related strategies. Adopting the methodologies of content analysis and in-depth interviews, this study explored the following topics: translation policy, translation databases and translation technology, promotion and support of translated works, community translation and interpreting, standards for evaluating translation services, and translator and interpreter education.

　　The results showed that the United States and Canada have each developed language- and translation-related policies and mechanisms to meet the challenges and demands of their respective societies. Each offers valuable lessons from which Taiwan can learn. The way the two countries manage government translation work serves as a good model for Taiwan - dedicated agencies responsible for translating for the central government and assisting other government departments in their translation demands; full-time translators, interpreters and project managers serving as core teams, supported by contracted linguists whose work are subject to quality control. Taiwan’s continuous effort in building terminology databases can be enhanced by using TERMIUM, the database established by the Translation Bureau of Canada, as a model. The current databases of the National Academy for Educational Research (NAER) can be expanded by combining the databases of other government agencies and inviting the public to contribute to the integrated database. The NAER or a dedicated agency mentioned above can provide best practices and be responsible for maintaining the database.

　　To promote Taiwanese cultural work, the Taiwanese government can learn from Canadian government’s practice of providing grants to foreign publishers to translate and publish Canadian work, giving subsidies to domestic publishers to promote Canadian publications in international book fairs, and soliciting diplomatic assistance in promotional efforts. Taiwan’s urgent needs for providing its residents with community translation and interpreting services should be first met with legalization efforts, as in the case of court interpreting in the U.S. The Taiwanese government can also learn from the U.S. federal government’s experience in establishing a federal-level examination for legal interpreters and a similar effort by the International Medical Interpreters Association in medical interpreting. The rapid development of telephone interpreting should also be taken into consideration when planning community interpreting services as a way to provide flexible and cost-effective services. To establish standards for translation service providers, the Taiwanese government can do what Canada has done - modeling their standards after the established European EN15038 standards and taking the domestic situation into consideration. Important elements of good standards, such as third-party certification and focusing on the whole process of the service, should be incorporated in the standards. In terms of translation and interpreting education, Taiwanese educational institutions should consider diversifying their training programs to train people who are in short supply in the Taiwanese translation and interpreting workforce – community interpreters and localization experts. Translation and interpreting education can also be made more relevant by strengthening internship programs for the students.