國家教育研究院

　　本研究探討在當前全球化脈絡下的澳洲翻譯發展和人才培育，分析其所面臨的趨勢與挑戰，並提出產、官、學彼此相互協調解決問題的方法和推動策略。本研究採質性研究，包括文獻研究法和焦點訪談法，對澳洲翻譯產業發展的文獻和訪談結果進行脈絡編碼（context codes）、情境定義編碼（definition of the situation codes）和觀點編碼（perspective codes），形成對澳洲翻譯發展和人才培育策略的整體觀點和看法，並將其發展7個主題：澳洲多元文化及語言政策、翻譯資格檢定、口筆譯教育、翻譯產業、社區翻譯、出版品翻譯、翻譯科技。

　　澳洲是全世界最早將多元文化定為國家政策的英語系國家，所有國策的制定與實施均體現多元化的特徵，而多元文化與多元文化語言政策環環相扣，為澳洲翻譯產業發展和人才培育提供完善的法律保障體系。

　　澳洲為翻譯進行資格認證，促進翻譯職業化，引領翻譯產業連動蓬勃發展，成就社區翻譯市場的繁榮。澳洲實行翻譯證照制最強有力的保障是國家各種法案、議程和憲章規定確保社會對譯者的大量需求，翻譯市場得以建立基本的供求平衡，在行業（AUSIT）職業道德規範約束下，譯者透過良性競爭提升品質，為澳洲多元文化社會發展產生積極正面影響效益。證照與翻譯形成一體化，使譯者在不斷強化語言和翻譯能力的同時，受到較高標準職道德規範的約束，不但降低社會成本，並兼顧翻譯品質保證，從而滿足社會各方面需求。完整的口筆譯認證體系之建立，保障譯者在澳洲社會的地位和經濟收入，吸引源源不絕的優秀人才投入翻譯領域。

　　澳洲的翻譯教學配合翻譯行業認證，建立完整課程架構，極有利於促進和指導翻譯教學依循計畫、統一、明晰的體系方向發展。課程設置與考試認證體系緊密結合，翻譯市場規範有序，譯者經過修習澳洲全國翻譯認證機構（the National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters，簡稱NAATI）認證的翻譯課程即可從業，這一要求對規範翻譯市場，促進翻譯產業健康發展功不可沒。

　　由於實施證照制度，進入翻譯產業的譯者，都持有NAATI證照，澳洲翻譯產業建立了完善的翻譯市場准入制度，實現翻譯人才專業化，提升產業整體素質。NAATI證照之所以能夠獲得澳洲翻譯行業的廣泛認可，並非基於法律之約束，而是行業本身的自律。目前在社區翻譯市場，各翻譯機構均採取商業化運作進行市場競爭，提供口筆譯服務。一些政府機關轄屬的翻譯機構，在業務運作上基本採取市場機制的方式。如同其他行業，澳洲翻譯產業亦面臨勞資關係、職業不確定感、缺乏激勵因素等問題。

　　澳洲翻譯出版業運作相當自由，只要遵守澳洲的出版法，即可從事翻譯出版。澳洲出版社由政府或私人開辦，翻譯出版途徑暢通廣大，許多出版社分銷機構不僅分布在英語國家如紐西蘭、美國、英國、加拿大等，亦分布於非英語系國家，諸如法國、德國等歐洲大陸國家，和亞洲一些國家如日本、菲律賓及中國大陸等。澳洲翻譯出版大多為滿足移民需求、促進本國文化傳播、保存原住民文化，及為不同政見者發聲等。澳洲藝術理事會（Australia Council for the Arts）在廣告宣傳、行銷方面扮演非常重要角色，大力開拓國際市場，積極將澳洲翻譯出版推向國際舞台 。另外，澳洲對優秀翻譯作品和譯者慷慨資助，亦促進翻譯出版業發展。

　　雖然澳洲在翻譯科技發展領域，基本上是使用者而非創造者，然對翻譯科技的應用相當重視，翻譯科技緊隨英美，走在世界前列。其中最受關注的是電腦輔助翻譯、澳洲英語語料庫（Australian Corpus of English）及澳洲手語語料庫（Australian Sign Language）；翻譯語言教學注重電腦輔助翻譯（CAT）和機器翻譯（MT）的應用，運用CAT和MT工具，建立多語（中文、日文、韓文）平行翻譯語料庫。

　　澳洲翻譯產業發展，包括社區翻譯、出版品翻譯和翻譯科技，均繫於大量的優秀翻譯人才，產、官、學乃至全社會對翻譯職業和人才培育的重視乃關鍵因素。本研究彙整澳洲翻譯產業發展和人才培育策略後，對我國翻譯發展與人才培育就產、官、學各方面提出9項建議如下：

一、 政府應在多元文化及語言教育方面立法，創造一個更加開放和公平的翻譯產業發展和人才培育環境；

二、 政府應提出更具體的教育政策，平等對待原住民及移民子女的母語教育；

三、 政府可主導翻譯證照制度的建立，以規範翻譯產業秩序；

四、 各大學院校可設計將翻譯學位資格與翻譯資格認證相連接的途徑；

五、 臺灣翻譯產業可積極建請政府建立翻譯證照制度；

六、 臺灣翻譯產業可在翻譯服務品質鑑定、收費標準、及譯者職業道德標準等方面達成共識，並制定規範；

七、 臺灣翻譯組織可依據我國翻譯產業的特點，更加積極參與翻譯產業的管理；

八、 學界應承認口筆譯作品為學術成果；

九、 整個社會應提升對翻譯職業重要性的認識。

This study explores, within the context of globalization, strategies for the development of translation industry and cultivation of translators and interpreters in Australia. Analyzing trends and challenges facing the government in formulating strategies to promot the translation industry and train translators and interpreters, the study suggests that coordination between the translation industry, the government, and the academia is needed to develop problem-solving methods and promotional strategies.

This study adopted qualitative research methods, including literature research and the focus group interview on Australia translation industry. The data obtained from literature research and interviews on Australian translation industry and translator and interpreter training were coded, and codes were categorized into three major clusters: context codes, situational codes and perspective codes, from which comprehensive views and opinions were formed regarding Australia's strategies for the development of its translation industry and training of translators and interpreters. Seven themes emerged as crucial among the strategies:

1. Australia’s multiculturalism and language policy

2. Australia’s accreditation system for translators and interpreters

3. Australia’s teaching translation and interpretation

4. Australia’s translation and interpreting industry

5. Australia’s community translation and interpreting

6. Australia’s publication of translation works

7. Australia’s translation and interpreting technology

As an inner circle English-speaking country, Australia is one of the world's first countries implementing multiculturalism as a national policy that is embodied in almost every government policy. Together with a language education policy characterized by multiligualism, Australia’s multiculturalism has laid a sound legal foundation for the development of its translation industry and translator and interpreter training.

Australia's National Accreditation Authority for Translators and Interpreters (NAATI) has played an important role in the development of Australia's translation industry promoting the prosperity of its community translation and interpreting market. Australia’s translator and interpreter accreditation system is under the powerful protection of various Acts, such as Australian Institute of Multicultual Affairs Act, A New Agenda for Multicultural Australia. The Acts require the provision of translation and interpreting services by government agents of all levels, which ensures the high demand for qualified translators and interpeters in the market. The professional ethics developed by the Australian Institute of Interpreters and Translators (AUSIT) governs the demeanor of practicing translators and interpreters in Australia, resulting in the development of Australia's multicultural society and improvement of translation and interpreting quality through healthy competition. The accreditation system has also ensured that translators continue to strengthen their language and translation competence and maintain a professional ethical standard. As a result of reducing social costs and improving translation and interpreting quality, the system has met the needs of all sectors of the society. The establishment of a sound translator and interpreter accreditation system has protected the translator's social status and income in the Australian society, and thus has attracted excellent translators and interpreters to work in the industry.

Translation and interpreting courses in Australia are linked with the translator and interpreter accreditation. NAATI has developed a framework to regulate the design of transaltion and interpreting course curriculum with NAATI accreditation. The practice is highly beneficial to translation and interpreting teaching since it provides a planned, unified, and clear direction for the development of a translator and interpreter traning system. The combination of course curriculum with the accreditation has regulated the translation and interpreting market and is the key to the healthy development of the translation industry.

Since the implementation of the accreditation system, translators or interpreters are required to obtain NAATI accreditation before entering the translation industry. The establishment of a market access threshold has helped the translation industry maintain professional quality and standards. Although like any other industries, the translation industry in Australia is also facing challenges such as work relations, occupational uncertainty, lack of incentives and other issues, it is working hard to find solutions. The existing community translation and interpreting market in Australia is fully commercialized. Community translation and interpreting service providers are competing in the market, providing objective, independent translation and interpreting services. Government translation and interpreting agencies also operate in the commercial mode. is The wide recognition of NAATI accreditation in Australia translation industry is realized through the industry’s self-regulation instead of the enforcement of law.

Publication of translation works in Australia is relatively easy as long as the publication is legal. There are various publication channels in Australia, government or private. Many local publication firms have established branches in English-speaking countries such as New Zealand, the United States, Britain, Canada, as well as in a non-English speaking countries such as France, Germany and Asian countries such as Japan, the Philippines and the People’s Republic of China. The publication of translation works in Australia is mainly targeting immigrants to promote their culture. It also serves as promoting Australian culture, preserving indigenous culture, and advocating voices of political dissidents. The Australia Council for the Arts plays a very important role in advertising and marketing the publication of translation works. It vigorously explores the international market and actively introduces translation works of Australia into the international arena. In addition, the Australian government and private organizations provide generous funds for outstanding translation works and translators, a measurement that has greatly promoted the development of Austrlia’s translation and publication industry.

In general, Australia tends to buy than develop new translation and interpreting technology. New technology is widely applied in Australia’s translation industry. Most notebaly is the development of computer-aided translation, Australian Corpus of English, and Australian Sign Language. In addition, computer-aided translation (CAT) and machine translation (MT) is widely used in the translation and language teaching, and Australian scholars have also used CAT and MT tools to create one of the few global multilingual (Chinese, Japanese, Korean) parallel translation corpora.

Forstering a large number of qualified translators and interpreters is the key to the development of translation industry in Australia, ensuring the prosperity of its community translation and interpreting services, translation publication, and application of translation technology. To successfully attract qualified translators and interpreters requires not only the collaboration between the industry, the government and the academia but also the full recognition of translation and interpreting as a profession by the whole society.

Having examining the development of the translation industry in Australia and translator and interpreter training strategies, this study formulates the following nine recommendations for the industry, the government, and the academia in Taiwan in a hope that they may help with the development of Taiwan’s translation industry and translator and interpreter training. Recommendations 1-3 and 8-9 are of long term, and the rest are of short term that may be immediately applicable.

1. The government should consider a multicultural and language education legislation to create a more open and equitable environment for development of the translation industry and nurturing of translators and interpreters;

2. The government should put forward more specific education policies, in which the mother tongue of aboriginal and immigrant children receives equal treatment;

3. The Government may establish a translator and interpreter license system to regulate the translation industry;

4. Universities may design various translation and interpreting courses that are linked with the aforementioned translation or interpreting licenses;

5. The Taiwan translation industry should actively lobby the government to establish the aforementioned license system;

6. The Taiwan translation industry may reach concensus and develop regulations on the quality of translation and interpreting services, fees, the ethics of translators and interpreters;

7. The Taiwan Association of Translation and Interpretation (TATI) may be more actively involved in the management of the translation industry;

8. Translation and interpreting works should be recognized as academic achievement;

9. The whole society should enhance the awareness of the importance of the translation and interpreting profession.