國家教育研究院

　　工具書是社會文化、教育學術、圖書發展到一定歷史階段的產物。中國大陸的工具書具有政治價值、文化價值、經濟價值及學術價值。中國的學術性辭典與百科全書的發展趨勢，可以歸納成（1）出版戰略化、（2）編輯專業化、（3）研究系統化、（4）發展數位化與（5）邁向網路化。由於工具書發展受到科技大幅影響，使得中國大陸網路工具書的出版興起，並具備（1）合作化、（2）集成化、（3）系列化、（4）多元化、（5）智能化、（6）維基化等重要導向，提供同時檢索百科、辭典、年鑑等內容功能，針對不同使用者類型設計公共圖書館版、學術研究版、兒童版、高中版，並訂定因應策略以提高條目的準確性及權威性，目前中國大陸最具代表性的語料庫是WordNet，著名的整合型工具書資料庫平臺如《中華數字書苑》。

　　日本編輯工具書，與臺灣一樣投入極多的經費、時間和人力進行編輯、修訂和校對，因此必須有政府補助，大型學術工具書才能延長其生命週期。數位工具書的發展上，日本電子辭典的技術相對發達，百科全書對於國民生活影響深遠，一般語言字辭典由民間出版社發行，學術性專科工具書則多由大學出版社負責編輯與出版。此外，翻譯或編輯各種學術性圖書或工具書，是由大學教授主動提出，經大學出版社允許教授透過研究團隊進行合作翻譯或編寫，和臺灣一樣都要審查通過後（需時1至2個月）才能出版，然而出版是一種至高的榮譽，所以東京大學出版會的做法是不支付譯者或作者翻譯費或稿費，這點值得經費有限的臺灣學術出版單位參考。

　　本研究發現中日學術性辭典與百科全書類工具書均朝向數位化與網路化發展，百科全書編輯出版模式轉變為線上數位化；且中日辭典與百科全書之編纂體例與發展策略可供我國未來發展之參考。本研究借鏡中日工具書的發展，針對數位化技術、數位化內容、檢索系統、版權保護及推廣等提出多項建議，建議可整合字辭典及百科全書發展電子工具書平臺，方便使用者透過統一介面檢索眾多工具書，並以不同付費方式提供使用者檢索。

　　Reference books are the historical products of social culture, education, and publication. Reference books in China are recognized for their political, cultural, economic and academic values. The development of academic dictionaries and encyclopedias in China are characterized by strategization, specialization, systematization, digitization and networking. Influenced by technology, the development of online reference books in China has become prosperously. Its online publication is characteristic of cooperation, collectivization, serialization, diversification, intellectualization and wikification, and provides services of encyclopedia, dictionary and almanac (yearbook) retrievals. Targeting at a variety type of users, these online reference books have different versions tailored for public readers, academic researchers, children and high school students. Meanwhile, to ensure the accuracy and authority of each entry, relevant strategies are made. Currently, the most representative corpus in China is Wordnet and China Digital Library is a famous integration platform connecting databases.

　　Like Taiwan, Japan has invested a great amount of money, time and manpower on compiling reference books. Therefore, government funding is necessary to extend the life cycle of an academic reference book and increase its impact. In term of digital technology, Japan leading the development of electronic dictionary. In this study, all given encyclopedia have a profound influence on civil life, general language word dictionary, issued by private publishers, academic specialist books are published by university presses. Moreover, in Japan the project of translating or compiling an academic or a reference book is proposed by a university teaching faculty and should be approved by the university press before it is allowed to proceed as teamwork. Similar to Taiwan, the review process might take one to two months. However, it is a great honor to publish one academic book in Japan. Therefore, the author or the translator is not paid for their works. To the publishing units with limited budget in Taiwan, this point is worth considering.

　　The Japanese Academic dictionaries and encyclopedias are toward digitization, online editing and publishing. Compiling style and development strategy of Japanese dictionary and encyclopedia are digital technology, retrieval system, copyright protection. Dictionaries and encyclopedias could be integrated into one web platform, with friendly retrieval tool through a unified interface, and provide users with different payment methods to retrieve.