National Academy for Educational Research

　　本研究以日本、韓國、越南為範圍，針對該國近30年在立法或行政規範之下制訂的翻譯活動，進行以下各項資料收集： （1）翻譯相關的行政或立法規範及其專責機構。 （2）大學翻譯科系、學程、碩博士學位等之特色及規模。 （3）大型翻譯計畫之沿革、特色、影響等。 （4）翻譯獎項之沿革、特色、影響等。 （5）是否長期發行或贊助多語刊物。 （6）相關協會等組織團體之沿革與規模。

　　研究結果發現，日本的翻譯活動十分蓬勃，包含出版、教學、檢定、翻譯獎項、翻譯家協會、日本翻譯連盟、日本筆會、日本通譯翻譯學會等，但大都集中於民間企業與專業團體。而在翻譯教育方面，翻譯碩士課程始於1995年（大東文化大學經濟學研究科），大都以私立或小型大學為主。且多屬學科或學程性質，而非理論與實踐並行之獨立系所。可見，日本的翻譯活動是國民經濟與文化生活下的需求所致，而非政府政策等國家力量的主導結果。

　　韓國則自2003年制定「出版文化產業振興法」，此為韓國翻譯事業唯一的法源依據。依據該法規定在「文化體育觀光部」轄下設置「韓國文學翻譯院」，進行文學作品和刊物的翻譯與出版，以及翻譯家養成事業。該部每五年制定一次《出版文化振興五年計畫》並編列預算，推動東西原典翻譯出版促進計畫、支援韓國國內發行的韓國學外譯出版、海外發行圖書的翻譯支援、以及譯者培訓的實施等。顯然，韓國政府扮演翻譯政策規劃與推動的關鍵角色，且具有文化戰略的思維在內。

　　而越南則正在發展並積極透過外語與世界接軌，目前已在翻譯工作形式與翻譯組織及翻譯人才養成等方面，顯示其多元面向。同時，也已開始編列預算推動書籍、古文、電影、文學、電子書等翻譯獎項，顯現該國政府對於長遠推動翻譯事業的決心與洞見。 此外，越南共有十五所大學設立通翻譯系所，其中河內大學、河內外語大學所設通翻譯科系更是培養翻譯人才的搖籃。英、法、俄、德、日、韓國語等熱門科系外，阿拉伯語、東南亞語系也相繼成立，研究所更有五種語言互譯的課程。在語種上，日本大學傳統上就設有古今各類語種課程，而越南與韓國大學系所培訓多語翻譯人才的格局與視野，都值得我們多加學習並自我警惕。

　　This study examines the translation activities driven by laws or administrative measures in Japan, Korea, and Vietnam over the last 30 years, and has compiled the following information on each country: (1) Administrative or legislative regulations related to translation, and the agency with jurisdiction. (2) The characteristics and scales of university departments, training courses, and postgraduate degrees in translation. (3) The histories, characteristics, and influences of large-scale translation projects. (4) The histories, characteristics, and influences of translation prizes. (5) Whether these countries publish or subsidize multilingual publications over the long term. (6) The histories and scales of translation associations, and other related organizations.

　　The results of the research show that Japan is quite active in translation activities, including publishing, teaching, testing, awards, translator associations, the Japan Translation Federation, Japanese Centre PEN International, the Japan Association of Translators, etc. However, most of these activities take place in private enterprises and professional organizations. In terms of translation education, the first translation MA course was established in 1995 by the Faculty of Economics at DaitoBunkaUniversity. Most translation courses are found in private or smaller universities, and most of them are merely academic courses or training courses instead of independent departments and graduate institutes that focus on both theory and practice. This shows that Japan's translation activities are driven by the needs of the national economy and cultural lifestyles instead of being driven by government policies or other forms of governmental influence.

　　Since Korea published Publication and Cultural Industry Promotion Law in 2003, it has been the sole legal basis of Korean translation industry. According to the legislation, the Korea Literature Translation Institute (KLTI) was established under the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (MCST). KLTI carries out the task of translating and publishing literary works and publications, as well as training translators. Every five years, the department formulates Publication and Culture Promotion Five Years Plan and sets a budget to promote the east and west classical literature translation and publication promotion plan, to support publications outside translation of domestic release of Korean studies, to support translation of overseas release books and to implement translator training. Obviously, the Korean government plays a key role in planning and promoting the translation policies strategically.

　　Abiding to international standards of foreign languages, Vietnam is actively developing translation efforts in multiple dimensions, including translation effort forms, translation organizationand translator training. Meanwhile, Vietnam has started to set a budget to promote translation awards, including books, classical and modern literatures, movies, E-books and others. All of these efforts show the determination and foresight of the government to promote their translation in the long term. In addition, a total of 15 universities in Vietnam established translation departments.Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU) and Hanoi Foreign Language Vietnam National University are the cradle of translators among them. Besides popular departments of translation including English, French, Russian, German, Japanese and Korean, there are Arabic and Southeast Asia language. In the graduate school, there is curricula to translate five languages among each other. Japan’s universities set up various ancient and modern language curricula since the old days. Vietnam and Korea’s university departments carry out the task of training multi-language translators. We should learn from these countries’ pattern and vision in order to improve our translation system and structure.